Efeito do lodo de esgoto no crescimento de espécies nativas da Mata Atlântica, na fertilidade do solo e na dinâmica de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares
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Data
2021-08-30
Autores
Nalesso, Pedro Henrique Proença
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Algumas técnicas têm sido utilizadas com o objetivo de recuperar solos degradados, combinando práticas mecânicas, que visam romper camadas compactadas, com o plantio de espécies nativas, em diversos arranjos e a adição de fontes de matéria orgânica. Essas fontes funcionam como condicionadores de solo, melhorando suas propriedades físicas, químicas e biológicas. Objetiva-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito a longo prazo da utilização de diferentes tipos de fertilizantes na nutrição e no desenvolvimento de espécies nativas da Mata Atlântica, na dinâmica de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) e na fertilidade de um Neossolo quartzarênico. O experimento foi instalado em 2005 em uma área degradada, seguindo um delineamento com blocos casualizados e incluindo oito tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos por cinco doses de lodo de esgoto (2,5; 5; 10; 15 e 20 Mg ha-1 com suplementação de potássio - K), um tratamento com adubação mineral completa, outro apenas com a dose de K, utilizada como complementação e o tratamento controle (sem adubação). Para todas as parcelas foram transplantadas mudas de espécies nativas da Mata Atlântica. Em 2016 houve outra aplicação dos tratamentos, seguindo a mesma lógica de aplicação, porém com as doses aumentadas nos tratamentos com lodo de esgoto compostado (10; 20; 30; 40 e 50 Mg ha-1 ). Visando retomar o processo de monitoramento da recuperação da área e intensificar os estudos sobre o efeito a longo prazo das aplicações em diversas propriedades do solo e no desenvolvimento das plantas foram realizados dois arranjos diferentes de avaliações. No primeiro arranjo de mensurações, as avaliações realizadas foram no âmbito do crescimento e nutrição das espécies, e na fertilidade do solo, sendo executadas em todos os oito tratamentos. As avaliações dendrométricas e do estado nutricional das plantas foram realizadas nas seguintes espécies: Aroeira-pimenteira (Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi), Capixingui (Croton floribundus Spreng), Angico-vermelho (Anadenanthera macrocarpa (Benth.) Brenan), Canafístula (Peltophorum dubuim (Spreng.) Taub.), Jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril L.) e Copaíba (Copaifera langsdorffii Desf.). A análise de fertilidade do solo foi feita nas camadas 0 - 20; 20 - 40 e 40 - 60 cm. No segundo arranjo, as avaliações foram realizadas em apenas 4 tratamentos: controle, adubação mineral completa e as doses mínima e máxima de lodo de esgoto. Foram coletadas amostras de solo na profundidade de 0 - 10 cm para avaliação da densidade de esporos e colonização radicular por FMA, assim como para a análise de fertilidade e umidade do solo. Foram realizadas coletas em duas épocas do ano, seca e úmida, para verificar o efeito da sazonalidade na dinâmica de microrganismos. De maneira geral, o crescimento das espécies foi maior nos tratamentos com as doses de lodo de esgoto, demostrando o efeito residual positivo do fertilizante orgânico. Para todas as espécies arbóreas, em pelo menos uma das variáveis de crescimento foi obtido desempenho superior com a adição do lodo de esgoto, quando comparado aos demais tratamentos, com exceção do Angico-vermelho. O lodo de esgoto influenciou positivamente a fertilidade do solo até 40 cm de profundidade. Os teores foliares de P, Ca, Mg e S na maioria das espécies foram superiores nos tratamentos com lodo de esgoto, quando comparados com os demais tratamentos (controle e adubação mineral). As doses de lodo de esgoto foram superiores aos tratamentos apenas com adubação mineral e o controle para as variáveis umidade e fertilidade do solo na profundidade de 0 - 10 cm. A colonização radicular, em ambas as épocas, apresentou valores significativamente superior nos tratamentos com lodo, em comparação com os demais tratamentos. Para o controle e com a dose de 10 Mg ha-¹ de lodo, a colonização por FMA foi superior no período seco. A esporulação apresentou comportamentos distintos entre épocas, indicando que a produção de esporos pode variar em função da interação de fatores bióticos e abióticos no ecossistema, sendo necessário mais avaliações na área experimental para elucidar melhor essas interações.
Some techniques have been used with the objective of recovering degraded soils, combining mechanical practices, which aim to break up compacted layers, with the planting of native species, in different arrangements, and the addition of organic matter sources. These sources act as soil conditioners, improving their physical, chemical and biological properties. The aim of this work is to evaluate the long-term effect of using different types of fertilizers on the nutrition and development of native species of the Atlantic Forest, on the dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and on the fertility of a quartz Neosol. The experiment was installed in 2005 in a degraded area, following a randomized block design and including eight treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of five doses of sewage sludge (2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20 Mg ha-1 with potassium - K supplementation), one treatment with complete mineral fertilization, another with only the dose of K, used as a complement and a control treatment (without fertilization). Seedlings of native Atlantic Forest species were transplanted to all plots. In 2016 there was another application of treatments, following the same application logic, but with increased doses in treatments with composted sewage sludge (10; 20; 30; 40 and 50 Mg ha-1). Aiming to resume the process of monitoring the area's recovery and intensify studies on the long-term effect of applications on different soil properties and on the development of plants, two different arrangements of evaluations were carried out. In the first arrangement of measurements, the evaluations carried out were in the scope of the growth and nutrition of the species, and in the soil fertility, being carried out in all eight treatments. The dendrometric and nutritional status evaluations of the plants were carried out on the following species: Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi, Croton floribundus Spreng, Anadenanthera macrocarpa (Benth.) Brenan, Peltophorum dubuim (Spreng.) Taub, Hymenaea courbaril L. and Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. Soil fertility analysis was performed in layers 0 - 20; 20 - 40 and 40 - 60 cm. In the second arrangement, the evaluations were carried out in only 4 treatments: control, complete mineral fertilization and the minimum and maximum doses of sewage sludge. Soil samples were collected at a depth of 0 - 10 cm for evaluation of spore density and root colonization by AMF, as well as for the analysis of soil fertility and moisture. Samples were collected at two times of the year, dry and wet, to verify the effect of seasonality on the dynamics of microorganisms. In general, the growth of species was higher in treatments with doses of sewage sludge, demonstrating the positive residual effect of organic fertilizer. For all tree species, in at least one of the growth variables a superior performance was obtained with the addition of sewage sludge, when compared to the other treatments, with the exception of Anadenanthera macrocarpa (Benth.) Brenan. The sewage sludge positively influenced the soil fertility up to 40 cm deep. The leaf contents of P, Ca, Mg and S in most species were higher in the treatments with sewage sludge, when compared to the other treatments (control and mineral fertilization). The doses of sewage sludge were superior to treatments with only mineral fertilizer and the control for the variables soil moisture and fertility at a depth of 0 - 10 cm. Root colonization, at both times, showed significantly higher values in treatments with sludge compared to the other treatments. For the control and with the dose of 10 Mg ha-¹ of sludge, colonization by AMF was higher in the dry period. Sporulation showed different behaviors between seasons, indicating that spore production may vary depending on the interaction of biotic and abiotic factors in the ecosystem, requiring further evaluations in the experimental area to better elucidate these interactions.
Some techniques have been used with the objective of recovering degraded soils, combining mechanical practices, which aim to break up compacted layers, with the planting of native species, in different arrangements, and the addition of organic matter sources. These sources act as soil conditioners, improving their physical, chemical and biological properties. The aim of this work is to evaluate the long-term effect of using different types of fertilizers on the nutrition and development of native species of the Atlantic Forest, on the dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and on the fertility of a quartz Neosol. The experiment was installed in 2005 in a degraded area, following a randomized block design and including eight treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of five doses of sewage sludge (2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20 Mg ha-1 with potassium - K supplementation), one treatment with complete mineral fertilization, another with only the dose of K, used as a complement and a control treatment (without fertilization). Seedlings of native Atlantic Forest species were transplanted to all plots. In 2016 there was another application of treatments, following the same application logic, but with increased doses in treatments with composted sewage sludge (10; 20; 30; 40 and 50 Mg ha-1). Aiming to resume the process of monitoring the area's recovery and intensify studies on the long-term effect of applications on different soil properties and on the development of plants, two different arrangements of evaluations were carried out. In the first arrangement of measurements, the evaluations carried out were in the scope of the growth and nutrition of the species, and in the soil fertility, being carried out in all eight treatments. The dendrometric and nutritional status evaluations of the plants were carried out on the following species: Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi, Croton floribundus Spreng, Anadenanthera macrocarpa (Benth.) Brenan, Peltophorum dubuim (Spreng.) Taub, Hymenaea courbaril L. and Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. Soil fertility analysis was performed in layers 0 - 20; 20 - 40 and 40 - 60 cm. In the second arrangement, the evaluations were carried out in only 4 treatments: control, complete mineral fertilization and the minimum and maximum doses of sewage sludge. Soil samples were collected at a depth of 0 - 10 cm for evaluation of spore density and root colonization by AMF, as well as for the analysis of soil fertility and moisture. Samples were collected at two times of the year, dry and wet, to verify the effect of seasonality on the dynamics of microorganisms. In general, the growth of species was higher in treatments with doses of sewage sludge, demonstrating the positive residual effect of organic fertilizer. For all tree species, in at least one of the growth variables a superior performance was obtained with the addition of sewage sludge, when compared to the other treatments, with the exception of Anadenanthera macrocarpa (Benth.) Brenan. The sewage sludge positively influenced the soil fertility up to 40 cm deep. The leaf contents of P, Ca, Mg and S in most species were higher in the treatments with sewage sludge, when compared to the other treatments (control and mineral fertilization). The doses of sewage sludge were superior to treatments with only mineral fertilizer and the control for the variables soil moisture and fertility at a depth of 0 - 10 cm. Root colonization, at both times, showed significantly higher values in treatments with sludge compared to the other treatments. For the control and with the dose of 10 Mg ha-¹ of sludge, colonization by AMF was higher in the dry period. Sporulation showed different behaviors between seasons, indicating that spore production may vary depending on the interaction of biotic and abiotic factors in the ecosystem, requiring further evaluations in the experimental area to better elucidate these interactions.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Resíduos orgânicos, Colonização radicular, Espécies arbóreas, Restauração de ecossistemas, Organic waste, Root colonization, Tree species, Ecosystem restoration