O FMI ainda é aquele? uma análise das condicionalidades pós-2008
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Data
2023-03-06
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O Fundo Monetário Internacional (FMI) é uma organização multilateral fundada na Conferência de Bretton Woods (1944) cuja principal função é auxiliar na coordenação do sistema econômico mundial, em particular por meio de empréstimos externos e conselho político. O fundo apresentou importante atuação internacional, sobretudo a partir do período da crise da dívida externa latino-americana ao longo da década de 1980, quando realizou empréstimos aos países endividados externamente. Para a aprovação dos empréstimos foi exigida a adoção de um amplo conjunto de reformas econômicas liberalizantes: as chamadas condicionalidades. Essas, por sua vez, conduziram à reestruturação das economias endividadas, de modo a promover maior integração comercial e, principalmente, financeira dessas economias ao sistema econômico internacional. A partir da crise financeira global (2007-2008), a organização novamente foi destaque no cenário internacional. Nesse período, o FMI realizou vários novos empréstimos e apresentou uma retórica que sinalizava para uma conduta distinta em relação à sua orientação no passado. De fato, parte da literatura sobre o tema encontra evidências de que a organização reduziu o escopo das condicionalidades, apresentou novos programas de empréstimos e realizou reformas em sua estrutura interna, o que poderia sinalizar uma reorientação da conduta do fundo. Entretanto, outros autores destacam que essas mudanças foram sobretudo tentativas de dar uma nova roupagem à organização, sem que mudanças substantivas em sua orientação fossem promovidas. Nesse cenário, a finalidade desta pesquisa é compreender o papel e o escopo da atuação do FMI pós-2008 a partir do exame dos empréstimos concedidos a quatro países latino-americanos: Argentina, Colômbia, El Salvador e México.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a multilateral organization founded during the Bretton Woods Conference (1944) whose main function is to assist in the coordination of the international economic system, specifically through external loans and policy advice. The fund was an important actor in the international system, especially in the Latin American debt crisis in the 1980s, time during which it granted loans to externally indebted countries. For loan approval, the organization required the adoption of a range of economic liberalization measures, known as conditionality. These measures lead to economic restructuring in many of those countries, promoting not only their greater commercial, but especially financial integration to the international economic system. In the financial crisis of 2007-2008, the organization was once again at the forefront of the international stage. During this period, the fund approved several loans and followed a rhetoric that the organization no longer followed past guidelines. Indeed, part of the literature provide evidence that the organization reduced its conditions, created new lending programs, and reformed its internal governance, what could be a signal of a new approach by the fund. Nonetheless, other authors emphasize that the changes were merely attempts to give the organization a new semblance, without actual substantive changes in its guidance. In this scenario, the purpose of this research is to understand the scope and role of IMF activities post-2008 by analyzing those loans granted to four Latin American countries: Argentina, Colombia, El Salvador and Mexico.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a multilateral organization founded during the Bretton Woods Conference (1944) whose main function is to assist in the coordination of the international economic system, specifically through external loans and policy advice. The fund was an important actor in the international system, especially in the Latin American debt crisis in the 1980s, time during which it granted loans to externally indebted countries. For loan approval, the organization required the adoption of a range of economic liberalization measures, known as conditionality. These measures lead to economic restructuring in many of those countries, promoting not only their greater commercial, but especially financial integration to the international economic system. In the financial crisis of 2007-2008, the organization was once again at the forefront of the international stage. During this period, the fund approved several loans and followed a rhetoric that the organization no longer followed past guidelines. Indeed, part of the literature provide evidence that the organization reduced its conditions, created new lending programs, and reformed its internal governance, what could be a signal of a new approach by the fund. Nonetheless, other authors emphasize that the changes were merely attempts to give the organization a new semblance, without actual substantive changes in its guidance. In this scenario, the purpose of this research is to understand the scope and role of IMF activities post-2008 by analyzing those loans granted to four Latin American countries: Argentina, Colombia, El Salvador and Mexico.
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Neoliberalismo, Organizações internacionais, Fundo Monetário Internacional, América Latina, Neoliberalism, International Organization, International Monetary Fund, Latin America