Efeitos da aplicação sistemática da massagem sobre parâmetros perceptivos, funcionais e de desempenho em atletas de natação: um ensaio clínico randomizado, controlado
Nenhuma Miniatura disponível
Data
2020-08-03
Autores
Carvalho, Flávia Alves de [UNESP]
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A literatura tem mostrado a importância da inserção de elementos recuperativos de acordo com as especificidades e o contexto do treino. Apesar da importância de integrar a recuperação ao treino grande parte dos treinadores de natação não implementa métodos de recuperação individualizada. Uma das técnicas amplamente utilizada é a massagem. A literatura aponta efeitos claros da massagem quanto a variáveis subjetivas. No entanto, os efeitos sobre variáveis objetivas, como o desempenho, ainda não são completamente entendidos. Estudos sugerem que a massagem possa melhorar o desempenho subsequente de nadadores e que possa proporcionar efeitos cumulativos. Objetivos: Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi i) investigar os efeitos da aplicação da massagem de forma sistemática e integrada ao treinamento sobre variáveis perceptivas, funcionais e de desempenho, ii) identificar os efeitos à curto prazo da técnica em uma única sessão de treinamento sobre variáveis perceptivas, iii) explorar a recuperação proporcionada por cada intervenção por meio de um balanço de desfechos e iv) a correlação entre cargas e percepções do atleta sobre o treinamento. Métodos: Vinte nadadores foram aleatorizados e alocados em três sequências de intervenções que incluíam massagem superficial, massagem profunda e controle. Todos os nadadores realizaram todas as intervenções em ordens distintas com intervalos de duas semanas. As intervenções foram realizadas três vezes durante uma semana entre os treinos resistido e nadado realizados rotineiramente e então os atletas foram submetidos a uma bateria de testes funcionais (teste de supino, salto vertical, sentar e alcançar, propriocepção de ombro) e de desempenho (tempo total e índice técnico no tiro de 100m estilo crawl), além da coleta das características de braçada (velocidade do nado, frequência, comprimento e índice de braçada). As percepções e as cargas de treino foram monitoradas durante todo o estudo por meio do Questionário De Percepção Ao Esforço Do Nadador (Swimmer’s Perceptions of Effort Questionnaire – SPEQ) desenvolvido em estudo piloto e pelo Impulso de Treino (Training impulse - TRIMP), calculado pelo produto do tempo de treino e a percepção de esforço. A recuperação foi investigada pela média de scores funcionais, de desempenho e de percepção. Resultados: Tanto a massagem superficial quando a profunda, reduziram a dor imediatamente após a aplicação em relação ao controle. No entanto, não foi observada melhora nas variáveis de percepção, desempenho, funcionais a de recuperação após uma semana de aplicação. Mesmo assim, a realização de massagem superficial e profunda foi preferência da maioria dos atletas em detrimento da condição controle. Foi observada correlações de fracas a moderadas entre a carga de treino e as percepções, o teste de supino e o índice técnico. Conclusões: Levando em consideração os efeitos agudos da técnica e a preferência dos atletas, a massagem pode ser uma técnica utilizada entre os treinos com o objetivo de reduzir a dor. No entanto, a aplicação da técnica três vezes durante uma semana não foi suficiente para melhorar o desempenho no tiro de 100m estilo crawl de nadadores jovens.
The literature has shown the importance of inserting recovery elements according to the specificities and context of the training. Despite the importance of integrating recovery into training, most swimming coaches do not implement individualized recovery methods. One of the widely used techniques is massage. The literature points to clear effects of massage on subjective variables. However, the effects on objective variables, such as performance, are not yet fully understood. Studies suggest that massage can improve the subsequent performance of swimmers and provide cumulative effects. Objectives: Thus, the objective of this study was i) to investigate the effects of applying massage in a systematic and integrated way to training on perceptual, functional and performance variables, ii) to identify the short-term effects of the technique in a single training session on perceptual variables, iii) explore the recovery provided by each intervention by means of an outcome evaluation formula and iv) the correlation between training loads and the athlete's perceptions. Methods: Twenty swimmers were randomized and allocated to three sequences of interventions that included superficial massage, deep massage and control. All swimmers performed all interventions in different orders at two-week intervals. Interventions were performed three times during one week between the resisted training and the swim training routinely performed and then the athletes were subjected to a battery of functional tests (bench press, vertical jump, sit and reach, shoulder proprioception) and performance tests (time total and technical index in the 100m crawl sprint), in addition to the collection of stroke characteristics (swim speed, frequency, length and stroke index). The perceptions and training loads were monitored throughout the study using the Swimmer's Perceptions of Effort Questionnaire (SPEQ) developed in a pilot study and the Training Impulse (TRIMP), calculated by the product training time and perceived exertion. Recovery was investigated by the average of functional, performance and perception scores. Results: Both superficial and deep massage reduced pain immediately after application in relation to control. However, there was no improvement in the variables of perception, performance, functional and recovery after one week of application. Even so, the application of superficial and deep massage was preferred by most athletes instead of the control condition. Weak to moderate correlations were observed between training load and perceptions, bench press test and technical index. Conclusions: Taking the acute effects and the athletes’ preference into account, massage can be a technique to be used between workouts in order to reduce pain. However, applying the technique three times during a week was not enough to improve performance in 100m crawl sprint of young swimmers.
The literature has shown the importance of inserting recovery elements according to the specificities and context of the training. Despite the importance of integrating recovery into training, most swimming coaches do not implement individualized recovery methods. One of the widely used techniques is massage. The literature points to clear effects of massage on subjective variables. However, the effects on objective variables, such as performance, are not yet fully understood. Studies suggest that massage can improve the subsequent performance of swimmers and provide cumulative effects. Objectives: Thus, the objective of this study was i) to investigate the effects of applying massage in a systematic and integrated way to training on perceptual, functional and performance variables, ii) to identify the short-term effects of the technique in a single training session on perceptual variables, iii) explore the recovery provided by each intervention by means of an outcome evaluation formula and iv) the correlation between training loads and the athlete's perceptions. Methods: Twenty swimmers were randomized and allocated to three sequences of interventions that included superficial massage, deep massage and control. All swimmers performed all interventions in different orders at two-week intervals. Interventions were performed three times during one week between the resisted training and the swim training routinely performed and then the athletes were subjected to a battery of functional tests (bench press, vertical jump, sit and reach, shoulder proprioception) and performance tests (time total and technical index in the 100m crawl sprint), in addition to the collection of stroke characteristics (swim speed, frequency, length and stroke index). The perceptions and training loads were monitored throughout the study using the Swimmer's Perceptions of Effort Questionnaire (SPEQ) developed in a pilot study and the Training Impulse (TRIMP), calculated by the product training time and perceived exertion. Recovery was investigated by the average of functional, performance and perception scores. Results: Both superficial and deep massage reduced pain immediately after application in relation to control. However, there was no improvement in the variables of perception, performance, functional and recovery after one week of application. Even so, the application of superficial and deep massage was preferred by most athletes instead of the control condition. Weak to moderate correlations were observed between training load and perceptions, bench press test and technical index. Conclusions: Taking the acute effects and the athletes’ preference into account, massage can be a technique to be used between workouts in order to reduce pain. However, applying the technique three times during a week was not enough to improve performance in 100m crawl sprint of young swimmers.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Massagem, Desempenho, Dor, Natação, Massage, Performance, Pain, Swimming