Estrutura da comunidade de carnívoros em paisagens fragmentadas do Cerrado e Mata Atlântica
Data
2022-11-01
Autores
Fornitano, Larissa [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A distribuição e ocorrência das espécies na paisagem são influenciadas pelas condições e disponibilidade dos recursos. A fragmentação do hábitat pode causar a redução ou eliminação desses recursos levando a diminuição ou desaparecimento de populações e espécies. Algumas interações como a predação e competição também podem ser influenciadas pela redução e eliminação dos recursos, sobretudo entre espécies filogeneticamente próximas, e podem afetar adversamente as espécies interferindo nas suas distribuições e ocupação. O objetivo foi avaliar a estrutura da comunidade de mamíferos carnívoros de áreas fragmentadas do Cerrado e Mata Atlântica e entender como a perda e fragmentação dos habitats influenciam a ocorrência e distribuição destas espécies nestas áreas. Foram utilizados dados de armadilhas fotográficas coletados entre 2012 e 2017 em 19 fragmentos de oito Unidades de Conservação do Cerrado e Mata Atlântica do Estado de São Paulo. O primeiro capítulo teve como objetivo investigar a influência das características do habitat, disponibilidade de recursos, abundância relativa de cães-domésticos e infraestrutura humana na ocupação de carnívoros selvagens e domésticos. A ocupação dos carnívoros foi influenciada pelas pastagens, culturas perenes, culturas anuais, distância de áreas urbanas, tamanho dos fragmentos, disponibilidade de presas e cobertura de vegetação nativa aberta e florestais. No segundo capítulo avaliei como as variáveis da paisagem e disponibilidade de recursos afetam a co-ocorrência dos carnívoros silvestres entre si e com o cão-doméstico, para entender a interferência das espécies de maior porte nas espécies menores e dos cães-domésticos nos carnívoros silvestres. Boa parte das espécies de menor porte não co-ocorreu com as de maior porte. As variáveis relacionadas às culturas agrícolas influenciaram a co-ocorrência apenas entre carnívoros silvestres e cão-doméstico, e entre as espécies de carnívoros silvestres a co-ocorrência foi influenciada por variáveis de infraestrutura humana e floresta nativa. O objetivo do terceiro capítulo foi avaliar o efeito da estrutura da vegetação e áreas urbanas do entorno dos fragmentos, e do tamanho e isolamento dos fragmentos na diversidade funcional de mamíferos de médio e grande porte. A diversidade funcional foi positivamente relacionada com o tamanho dos fragmentos, com a porcentagem de floresta nativa e com a porcentagem de cultura perene. Os resultados trazem importantes informações acerca do impacto das ações antrópicas nas comunidades de mamíferos, sobretudo nas espécies de carnívoros. Embora algumas agriculturas tenham se mostrado importantes para a ocupação de alguns carnívoros, a antropização dos habitats se mostrou um importante fator de influência nas relações intra-guildas e na diversidade funcional de mamíferos, destacando a importância das áreas protegidas e áreas de vegetação nativa além dos limites das Unidades de Conservação para a preservação das espécies.
The distribution and occurrence of species in the landscape are influenced by the conditions and availability of resources. Habitat fragmentation can cause the reduction or elimination of these resources leading to the decrease or disappearance of populations and species. Some interactions such as predation and competition can also be influenced by the reduction and elimination of resources, especially between phylogenetically close species, and can adversely affect species by interfering with their distributions and occupation. Our aim was assess the community structure of carnivores mammals from fragmented areas of the Cerrado and Atlantic Forest and understand how habitat loss and fragmentation influence the occurrence and distribution of these species in these areas. Data from camera traps were collected between 2012 and 2017 in 19 fragments of eight Cerrado and Atlantic Forest protected areas in the State of São Paulo. The first chapter aimed to investigate the influence of habitat characteristics, resource availability, relative abundance of domestic dogs and human infrastructure on the wild and domestic carnivores occupancy. The carnivores occupancy was influenced by pastures, perennial crops, annual crops, distance from urban areas, fragment size, prey availability and cover of open and forest native vegetation. In the second chapter, I evaluated how landscape variables and resource availability affect the co-occurrence of wild carnivores with each other and with the domestic dog, to understand the interference of larger species in smaller species and of domestic dogs in wild carnivores. Most of the smaller species did not co-occur with the larger ones. Variables related to agricultural crops influenced co-occurrence only between wild carnivores and domestic dogs, and among wild carnivore species the co-occurrence was influenced by variables of human infrastructure and native forest. The objective of the third chapter was to evaluate the effect of the vegetation structure and urban areas surrounding the fragments, and the size and isolation of the fragments on the functional diversity of medium and large mammals. Functional diversity was positively related to fragment size, percentage of native forest and percentage of perennial culture. Our results provide important information about the impact of human actions on mammalian communities, especially on carnivorous species. Although some agricultures have been shown to be important for the occupancy of some carnivores, I emphasize how much the habitats anthropization influences intra-guild relationships and the functional diversity of mammals, and highlight the importance of protected areas and areas of native vegetation beyond the limits of the protected areas for the preservation of species.
The distribution and occurrence of species in the landscape are influenced by the conditions and availability of resources. Habitat fragmentation can cause the reduction or elimination of these resources leading to the decrease or disappearance of populations and species. Some interactions such as predation and competition can also be influenced by the reduction and elimination of resources, especially between phylogenetically close species, and can adversely affect species by interfering with their distributions and occupation. Our aim was assess the community structure of carnivores mammals from fragmented areas of the Cerrado and Atlantic Forest and understand how habitat loss and fragmentation influence the occurrence and distribution of these species in these areas. Data from camera traps were collected between 2012 and 2017 in 19 fragments of eight Cerrado and Atlantic Forest protected areas in the State of São Paulo. The first chapter aimed to investigate the influence of habitat characteristics, resource availability, relative abundance of domestic dogs and human infrastructure on the wild and domestic carnivores occupancy. The carnivores occupancy was influenced by pastures, perennial crops, annual crops, distance from urban areas, fragment size, prey availability and cover of open and forest native vegetation. In the second chapter, I evaluated how landscape variables and resource availability affect the co-occurrence of wild carnivores with each other and with the domestic dog, to understand the interference of larger species in smaller species and of domestic dogs in wild carnivores. Most of the smaller species did not co-occur with the larger ones. Variables related to agricultural crops influenced co-occurrence only between wild carnivores and domestic dogs, and among wild carnivore species the co-occurrence was influenced by variables of human infrastructure and native forest. The objective of the third chapter was to evaluate the effect of the vegetation structure and urban areas surrounding the fragments, and the size and isolation of the fragments on the functional diversity of medium and large mammals. Functional diversity was positively related to fragment size, percentage of native forest and percentage of perennial culture. Our results provide important information about the impact of human actions on mammalian communities, especially on carnivorous species. Although some agricultures have been shown to be important for the occupancy of some carnivores, I emphasize how much the habitats anthropization influences intra-guild relationships and the functional diversity of mammals, and highlight the importance of protected areas and areas of native vegetation beyond the limits of the protected areas for the preservation of species.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Ecologia, Mamíferos, Carnívoros, Modelagem de ocupação, Áreas protegidas, Ecology, Mammals, Carnivores, Occupancy modelling, Protected areas