Efeitos do tratamento crônico com apocinina sobre a resposta vasoconstritora da angiotensina II em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos
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2017-05-12
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
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A enzima NAD(P)H oxidase (NOX) é a principal fonte de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) no sistema cardiovascular e sua atividade e expressão podem ser regulada pela angiotensina (Ang) II. Demonstramos previamente que o tratamento crônico com apocinina, um inibidor de NOX, reduziu a pressão arterial e preveniu o desenvolvimento da disfunção endotelial em SHR. Estes efeitos da apocinina foram associados a redução de geração de ERO e ao aumento da biodisponibilidade de óxido nítrico em células endoteliais de SHR. Dados de nosso laboratório mostraram que o tratamento com apocinina, também reduziu o efeito pressor da Ang II em SHR. A associação entre Ang II, via receptores AT1, e o estresse oxidativo tem sido implicada na patogênese da hipertensão. Levantamos a hipótese que a apocinina, ao alterar a sinalização redox, reduz a expressão de receptores AT1 e a resposta vasoconstritora da Ang II em SHR. Neste estudo, avaliamos o efeito do tratamento crônico com apocinina sobre as respostas contráteis à Ang II em vasos sanguíneos de SHR e os mecanismos envolvidos nestes efeitos, utilizando ensaios bioquímicos, biomoleculares e funcionais. SHR foram tratados com apocinina (30 mg/Kg, v.o.) da 4ª a 10ª semana de vida e ratos Wistar foram utilizados como controle normotenso. Analisamos os efeitos da apocinina na capacidade antioxidante plasmática, expressão de NOX, geração de ERO, níveis de nitrato/ nitrito, expressão de receptores AT1 e AT2, e respostas vasoconstritoras à Ang II em artéria mesentérica e aorta. O tratamento de SHR com apocinina aumentou a capacidade antioxidante plasmática, os níveis de nitrato/nitrito, não alterou a expressão de receptores AT1 ou AT2 em artérias mesentéricas, mas aumentou a expressão de AT2, mas não de AT1, em aorta de SHR. Além disto, o tratamento com apocinina diminuiu a expressão de NOX2 e p47phox e a produção de ERO. O tratamento com apocinina aumentou a modulação do endotélio e/ou da atividade da NOS sobre as respostas vasoconstritoras à Ang II em artérias mesentéricas de SHR, mas não alterou a reatividade de aortas de SHR à Ang II. A menor reatividade de artérias de resistência à Ang II levaria a menor resistência vascular periférica e consequentemente a redução da pressão arterial média e do efeito pressor da Ang II em SHR tratados com apocinina, como observado previamente. O mecanismo de ação da apocinina envolvido neste efeito está associado a importantes alterações redox que determinam uma maior modulação endotelial dependente de NOS das respostas vasoconstritoras da Ang II, mas não envolve alterações na expressão de receptores AT1 em vasos de SHR.
NAD(P)H oxidase (NOX) is the major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cardiovascular system and its activity and expression could be regulated by angiotensin (Ang) II. We previously demonstrated that chronic treatment with apocynin, a NOX inhibitor, reduced blood pressure and prevented the development of endothelial dysfunction in SHR. These effects of apocynin have been associated with reduced generation of ROS and increased bioavailability of nitric oxide in endothelial cells of SHR. Data from our laboratory showed that treatment with apocynin also reduced the pressor effect of Ang II on SHR. The association between Ang II, via AT1 receptors, and oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension. We hypothesized that apocynin, altering redox signaling, could reduce expression of AT1 receptors and Ang II vasoconstrictor response in SHR. In this study, we evaluated the effect of chronic treatment with apocynin on the contractile responses to Ang II in blood vessels of SHR and the mechanisms involved in the effects of these on biochemical, biomolecular and functional assays. SHR were treated with apocynin (30 mg/kg, p.o.) from the 4 th to the 10th week of life and Wistar rats were used as normotensive control. Analysis of the effects of apocynin on plasma antioxidant capacity, NOX expression, ROS generation, nitrate/ nitrite levels, expression of AT1 and AT2 receptors, and vasoconstrictor responses to Ang II on mesenteric and aortic arteries. Treatment of SHR with apocynin increased plasma antioxidant capacity, nitrate/ nitrite levels, did not alter AT1 or AT2 receptor expression in mesenteric arteries, but increased expression of AT2, but not AT1, in SHR aorta. In addition, treatment with apocynin decreased expression of NOX2 and p47phox and ROS generation. Treatment with apocynin increased endothelium modulation and/or NOS activity on Ang II vasoconstrictor responses in mesenteric arteries of SHR, but did not alter the reactivity to Ang II in aortas of SHR. The lower reactivity of Ang II in resistance arteries would lead to lower peripheral vascular resistance and consequently the reduction of mean arterial pressure and Ang II pressor effect in SHR treated with apocynin, as previously observed. The mechanism of action of the apostate involved in this effect is associated with important redox changes that determine a greater NOS-dependent endothelial modulation of the vasoconstrictor responses of Ang II, but does not involve expression in the expression of AT1 receptors in SHR vessels.
NAD(P)H oxidase (NOX) is the major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cardiovascular system and its activity and expression could be regulated by angiotensin (Ang) II. We previously demonstrated that chronic treatment with apocynin, a NOX inhibitor, reduced blood pressure and prevented the development of endothelial dysfunction in SHR. These effects of apocynin have been associated with reduced generation of ROS and increased bioavailability of nitric oxide in endothelial cells of SHR. Data from our laboratory showed that treatment with apocynin also reduced the pressor effect of Ang II on SHR. The association between Ang II, via AT1 receptors, and oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension. We hypothesized that apocynin, altering redox signaling, could reduce expression of AT1 receptors and Ang II vasoconstrictor response in SHR. In this study, we evaluated the effect of chronic treatment with apocynin on the contractile responses to Ang II in blood vessels of SHR and the mechanisms involved in the effects of these on biochemical, biomolecular and functional assays. SHR were treated with apocynin (30 mg/kg, p.o.) from the 4 th to the 10th week of life and Wistar rats were used as normotensive control. Analysis of the effects of apocynin on plasma antioxidant capacity, NOX expression, ROS generation, nitrate/ nitrite levels, expression of AT1 and AT2 receptors, and vasoconstrictor responses to Ang II on mesenteric and aortic arteries. Treatment of SHR with apocynin increased plasma antioxidant capacity, nitrate/ nitrite levels, did not alter AT1 or AT2 receptor expression in mesenteric arteries, but increased expression of AT2, but not AT1, in SHR aorta. In addition, treatment with apocynin decreased expression of NOX2 and p47phox and ROS generation. Treatment with apocynin increased endothelium modulation and/or NOS activity on Ang II vasoconstrictor responses in mesenteric arteries of SHR, but did not alter the reactivity to Ang II in aortas of SHR. The lower reactivity of Ang II in resistance arteries would lead to lower peripheral vascular resistance and consequently the reduction of mean arterial pressure and Ang II pressor effect in SHR treated with apocynin, as previously observed. The mechanism of action of the apostate involved in this effect is associated with important redox changes that determine a greater NOS-dependent endothelial modulation of the vasoconstrictor responses of Ang II, but does not involve expression in the expression of AT1 receptors in SHR vessels.
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NADPH oxidase, Angiotensina, Ratos endogâmicos SHR, Espécies de oxigênio reativas, Hipertensão