A trajetória de catadoras e catadores de materiais recicláveis e das políticas públicas de resíduos sólidos
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Data
2021-05-21
Autores
Pupin, Patricia Lopes Freire
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Esta pesquisa objetiva identificar e analisar a Política de Gestão de Resíduos Sólidos, por normatizações municipais, no que se refere ao trabalho das catadoras e catadores de materiais reutilizáveis e recicláveis de resíduos sólidos existentes no município de Uberaba - Minas Gerais. Visto isso, avalia-se no recorte histórico pós-abolição da escravatura até o final da década de 2010, todas as informações obtidas por levantamento bibliográfico, na perspectiva de descortinar o trabalho da catação. Por esse trajeto identifica-se a cadeia industrial da reciclagem, as organizações coletivas (associações e cooperativas), além do sentido dialéticoda „inclusão x exclusão‟ que se encontra permeado, não só no caminho, mas principalmente nas relações das organizações e das políticas públicas com os sujeitos da catação. Posteriormente, utiliza-se da análise documental das normas jurídicas federais e municipais, tecendo olhares para a política ambiental brasileira, em prol de contemplar o trabalho da catação por esse viés. Com isso, as estratégias políticas dos períodos identificados em toda a pesquisa foram revelando o engendramento da invisibilidade tanto do lixo/resíduos sólidos quanto dos sujeitos que assim se ocupam. Ao adentrar os limites de Uberaba, a pesquisa faz o mesmo trajeto normativo para reconhecer se o município se enquadra nos períodos descritos pelas estratégias de políticas públicas ambientais. A partir de então, a pesquisa adentra a base documental do município, para vasculhar todos os informes que poderiam traçar legitimamente o processo de inserção da ocupação de catador nas normas jurídicas do município. Ressalva-se que não foi possível identificar o caminho para encontrar esses sujeitos apenas pela trajetória da ocupação de catador no Brasil. Foi imprescindível, para torna-los visíveis, esmiuçar o objeto da catação pela política ambiental brasileira, pois os trabalhadores só são reconhecidos após a necessária regulação do material. Ou seja, evidenciar primeiro o lixo (resíduos sólidos), para depois as mulheres e homens que vivem do lixo (resíduos sólidos). Considera-se que essa pesquisa tece seus próprios caminhos no acúmulo de conhecimento gerado por uma classe trabalhadora e de sua busca por ser mais visível que o material de seu trabalho. Entende-se, dessa forma, que apenas após o ano de 2002, quando a ocupação é reconhecida, na classificação brasileira de ocupações, que se inicia esse processo. Contudo, as regulações seguintes que envolvem os sujeitos estão ainda imbricadas na cadeia produtiva da reciclagem, regulando primeiro o material e depois os trabalhadores da catação no processo, visto que as duas únicas normativas que validavam os sujeitos (o Decreto de 11 de setembro de 2003 e o Programa Pró-Catador) foram extintos. Com esse cenário federal, o município espelha o local, e constrói suas prerrogativas. Pode-se dizer que Uberaba reconhece o trabalho da catação e as organizações coletivas, mesmo havendo confusões e dados incongruentes sobre os mesmos. Dessarte, pode-se afirmar que o município ainda não delineou um planejamento estratégico de reconhecimento eficaz de catadoras e catadores e também de execução da política pública, visto que não os identificou como público alvo para uma agenda política.
This research aims to identify and analyze the Solid Waste Management Policy, by municipal regulations, with regard to the work performed by collectors of reusable and recyclable solid waste in the city of Uberaba - Minas Gerais. In view of this, it is evaluated all the information obtained by bibliographic survey from the period of post-abolition of slavery until the end of the decade of 2010, with a view to unveiling the work of collectors. Through this path, the industrial recycling chain is identified, the collective organizations (associations and cooperatives), in addition to the dialectical sense of 'inclusion x exclusion' that is permeated, not only along the way, but mainly in the relations of organizations and public policies with the actors. Subsequently, it uses the documentary analysis of federal and municipal legal norms, looking at the Brazilian environmental policy, in order to contemplate the work of waste collectors for this purpose. As a result, the political strategies of the periods identified throughout the research were revealing the engendering of the invisibility of both the garbage / solid waste and the actors who are thus engaged. When entering in the limits of Uberaba, the research follows the same normative path to recognize whether the municipality falls within the periods described by environmental public policy strategies. From then on, the research entered the municipality's documentary base, to search all the reports that could legitimately trace the process of inserting the occupation of waste collectors in the municipality's legal norms. It should be noted that it was not possible to identify the way to find these actors justby the trajectory of the occupation of waste collectors in Brazil. It was essential, to make themvisible, to scrutinize the object of scavenging by Brazilian environmental policy, as workers are only recognized after the necessary regulation of the material. In other words, first evidence the garbage (solid waste), and then the women and men who live off the garbage (solid waste). It is considered that this research weaves its own paths in the accumulation of knowledge generated by a working class and its desire for being more visible than the material of its work. It is understood, therefore, that it is only after the year 2002, when the occupation is recognized, in the Brazilian classification of occupations, that this process begins. However, the following regulations that involve the actors are still involved in the recycling production chain, regulating the material first and then the actors in the process, since the only two norms that validated the actors (the Decree of September 11, 2003 and the “Pro-Catador” Program) were extinguished. With this federal scenario, the municipality mirrors the place, and builds its prerogatives. It can be said that Uberaba recognizes the work of collecting and the collective organizations, even though there are confusions and incongruous data about them. Thus, it can be said that the municipality has not yet outlined a strategic plan for the effective recognition of actors and also for the implementation of a public policy, since it has not identified them yet as the target audience for a political agenda.
This research aims to identify and analyze the Solid Waste Management Policy, by municipal regulations, with regard to the work performed by collectors of reusable and recyclable solid waste in the city of Uberaba - Minas Gerais. In view of this, it is evaluated all the information obtained by bibliographic survey from the period of post-abolition of slavery until the end of the decade of 2010, with a view to unveiling the work of collectors. Through this path, the industrial recycling chain is identified, the collective organizations (associations and cooperatives), in addition to the dialectical sense of 'inclusion x exclusion' that is permeated, not only along the way, but mainly in the relations of organizations and public policies with the actors. Subsequently, it uses the documentary analysis of federal and municipal legal norms, looking at the Brazilian environmental policy, in order to contemplate the work of waste collectors for this purpose. As a result, the political strategies of the periods identified throughout the research were revealing the engendering of the invisibility of both the garbage / solid waste and the actors who are thus engaged. When entering in the limits of Uberaba, the research follows the same normative path to recognize whether the municipality falls within the periods described by environmental public policy strategies. From then on, the research entered the municipality's documentary base, to search all the reports that could legitimately trace the process of inserting the occupation of waste collectors in the municipality's legal norms. It should be noted that it was not possible to identify the way to find these actors justby the trajectory of the occupation of waste collectors in Brazil. It was essential, to make themvisible, to scrutinize the object of scavenging by Brazilian environmental policy, as workers are only recognized after the necessary regulation of the material. In other words, first evidence the garbage (solid waste), and then the women and men who live off the garbage (solid waste). It is considered that this research weaves its own paths in the accumulation of knowledge generated by a working class and its desire for being more visible than the material of its work. It is understood, therefore, that it is only after the year 2002, when the occupation is recognized, in the Brazilian classification of occupations, that this process begins. However, the following regulations that involve the actors are still involved in the recycling production chain, regulating the material first and then the actors in the process, since the only two norms that validated the actors (the Decree of September 11, 2003 and the “Pro-Catador” Program) were extinguished. With this federal scenario, the municipality mirrors the place, and builds its prerogatives. It can be said that Uberaba recognizes the work of collecting and the collective organizations, even though there are confusions and incongruous data about them. Thus, it can be said that the municipality has not yet outlined a strategic plan for the effective recognition of actors and also for the implementation of a public policy, since it has not identified them yet as the target audience for a political agenda.
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Palavras-chave
Catador de lixo, Politica ambiental pesquisa, Normas jurídicas, Relações municipais - federais, Garbage collector, Environmental Policy Research, Legal norms, Municipal - Federal Relations