O período do dia e a face de exposição solar influenciam no desprendimento dos frutos de café?
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Data
2021-06-22
Autores
Godinho Junior, João de Deus
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A colheita mecanizada seletiva do café agrega mais qualidade à produção, e consequentemente, aumenta o valor de sua comercialização. No entanto, a eficiência desta operação está ligada diretamente à força necessária para o desprendimento dos frutos verdes e maduros do cafeeiro. Objetivou-se por meio deste trabalho avaliar a força de desprendimento dos frutos de café e a qualidade da colheita mecanizada, conforme, o período do dia, o estádio de maturação dos frutos e a face de exposição das plantas à luz solar. O experimento foi realizado nas safras 2018/2019 e 2019/2020, em lavoura de café comercial (Catuaí Vermelho IAC 144), implantada no alinhamento sentido Leste-Oeste e irrigada por pivô central, localizada no município de Presidente Olegário – MG. A força de desprendimento foi avaliada durante a colheita, conforme o estádio de maturação dos frutos, o período do dia, e a face de exposição solar Norte e Sul, as quais, possuíam maior e menor incidência solar ao longo do ano, respectivamente. Utilizou-se dinamômetro digital portátil para mensuração da força de desprendimento, avaliada com 36 repetições. Os dados foram analisados por meio de análise descritiva, Controle Estatístico de Qualidade (CEQ), análise de variância e quando significativo, aplicou-se teste de Tukey, ambos a 5% de probabilidade. Já, a qualidade da colheita mecanizada foi mensurada, no período da manhã e da tarde, e conforme a face de exposição solar (Norte e SUL), avaliando-se a produtividade da lavoura, a eficiência de colheita e de limpeza da colhedora, o percentual de café caído no chão e remanescente nas plantas, além dos danos e o índice de maturação da carga inicial, do café colhido, do remanescente e do caído. O período do dia, a face de exposição solar e estádio de maturação influenciam o comportamento da força de desprendimento dos frutos de café. Os frutos no estádio cereja apresentam menor força de desprendimento e menor variação desta no período da tarde, sendo este momento o mais favorável do ponto de vista da qualidade do processo para a realização da colheita mecanizada seletiva. A face de exposição solar do cafeeiro e o índice de maturação de seus frutos têm maior influência na qualidade do processo de colheita mecanizada, em comparação ao período do dia. A face com maior exposição solar anual, e consequentemente com maior carga inicial, está sujeita a maiores danos durante o processo de colheita mecanizada. Para o maior tempo de exposição das plantas a colhedora, além de aumentar os danos, reduz a eficiência do processo do sistema de limpeza.
The selective mechanized harvesting of coffee adds more quality to the production and increases the value of its commercialization. However, the efficiency of this operation is directly linked to the strength required to shed the green and ripe fruits of the coffee tree. The objective of this work was to evaluate the strength of the coffee fruits and the quality of the mechanized harvest, according to the period of the day, the stage of maturation of the fruits and the face of sunlight exposure of the plants. The experiment was carried out in the 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 harvests, in a commercial coffee plantation (Red Catuaí IAC 144), implanted in the east-west alignment and irrigated by a central pivot, located in the municipality of Presidente Olegário – MG, Brazil. The detachment force was evaluated during harvest period, according to the stage of ripening of the fruits, the period of the day, and the North and South sun exposure face, which had greater and lesser solar incidence throughout the year, respectively. A portable digital dynamometer was used o measure the detachment force, assessed with 36 repetitions. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, Statistical Quality Control (SQC), analysis of variance and when significant, Tukey's test was applied, both at 5% probability. The quality of the mechanized harvest, on the other hand, was measured, in the morning and in the afternoon, and according to the face of sun exposure (North and South), evaluating the crop yield, the harvesting and cleaning efficiency of the harvester, the percentage of coffee falling on the ground and remaining coffee in the plants, in addition to the damage and the fruit maturation index before harvest, the harvested coffee, the remainder and the fallen coffee. These variables were analyzed using descriptive analysis and SQC. The period of the day, the face of sun exposure and the stage of maturation influence the behavior of the detachment force of coffee fruits. The fruits in the cherry stage show less detachment force and this variation in the late afternoon, this moment being the most favorable from the point of view of the quality of the process for the accomplishment of the selective mechanized harvest. The face of sun exposure of the coffee tree and the maturity index of its fruits have a greater influence on the quality of the mechanized harvesting process, compared to the period of the day. The face with the highest annual sun exposure, and consequently with the highest initial amount of coffee, is subject to greater damage during the mechanized harvesting process. The longer exposure time of the plants to the harvester, in addition to increasing the damage, reduces the efficiency of the cleaning system process.
The selective mechanized harvesting of coffee adds more quality to the production and increases the value of its commercialization. However, the efficiency of this operation is directly linked to the strength required to shed the green and ripe fruits of the coffee tree. The objective of this work was to evaluate the strength of the coffee fruits and the quality of the mechanized harvest, according to the period of the day, the stage of maturation of the fruits and the face of sunlight exposure of the plants. The experiment was carried out in the 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 harvests, in a commercial coffee plantation (Red Catuaí IAC 144), implanted in the east-west alignment and irrigated by a central pivot, located in the municipality of Presidente Olegário – MG, Brazil. The detachment force was evaluated during harvest period, according to the stage of ripening of the fruits, the period of the day, and the North and South sun exposure face, which had greater and lesser solar incidence throughout the year, respectively. A portable digital dynamometer was used o measure the detachment force, assessed with 36 repetitions. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, Statistical Quality Control (SQC), analysis of variance and when significant, Tukey's test was applied, both at 5% probability. The quality of the mechanized harvest, on the other hand, was measured, in the morning and in the afternoon, and according to the face of sun exposure (North and South), evaluating the crop yield, the harvesting and cleaning efficiency of the harvester, the percentage of coffee falling on the ground and remaining coffee in the plants, in addition to the damage and the fruit maturation index before harvest, the harvested coffee, the remainder and the fallen coffee. These variables were analyzed using descriptive analysis and SQC. The period of the day, the face of sun exposure and the stage of maturation influence the behavior of the detachment force of coffee fruits. The fruits in the cherry stage show less detachment force and this variation in the late afternoon, this moment being the most favorable from the point of view of the quality of the process for the accomplishment of the selective mechanized harvest. The face of sun exposure of the coffee tree and the maturity index of its fruits have a greater influence on the quality of the mechanized harvesting process, compared to the period of the day. The face with the highest annual sun exposure, and consequently with the highest initial amount of coffee, is subject to greater damage during the mechanized harvesting process. The longer exposure time of the plants to the harvester, in addition to increasing the damage, reduces the efficiency of the cleaning system process.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Coffea arabica, Máquinas agrícolas, Controle de qualidade, Quality control