Da familiaridade medieval ao desmentido na pandemia de Covid-19: panorama das atitudes frente à morte e ao morrer no ocidente
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Data
2022-09-02
Autores
Penariol, Marita Pereira
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O presente estudo tem como objetivo geral compreender as transformações acerca das atitudes frente à morte e ao morrer desde a Idade Média à contemporaneidade, na sociedade Ocidental, de forma a abarcar, inclusive, as singularidades determinadas pela pandemia de Covid-19. Trata-se de um estudo teórico, fundamentado no estabelecimento de interlocuções entre autores provenientes de diferentes disciplinas no campo das Ciências Humanas. Para tanto, inicialmente analisamos a transferência da morte do ambiente doméstico e familiar para os hospitais, a transição das cerimônias públicas e do compartilhamento das manifestações de pesar para a interdição da morte e a privação do luto, o afastamento dos cemitérios para áreas periféricas e a criação das organizações funerárias. Na sequência, refletimos sobre o tabu da morte e suas contradições na atualidade, o apego excessivo à vida, o morrer atravessado por recursos tecnológicos, a mercantilização da morte e sua conversão em mercadoria frente ao expressivo nicho de serviços e produtos ofertados aos enlutados e a espetacularização e banalização da morte exploradas diariamente nos programas televisivos. Por fim, discutimos as especificidades da morte, do morrer e do luto na pandemia de Covid-19 no cenário brasileiro, as desigualdades evidenciadas na pandemia, as ressonâncias dos impedimentos de rituais fúnebres convencionais e a necessidade de criação de novos ritos para a simbolização da morte, os efeitos da pandemia na subjetividade e as formações sintomáticas e a urgência da educação para a morte, inclusive junto às crianças. Adicionalmente, assumimos um enfoque propositivo a partir da apresentação de novas noções relacionadas às múltiplas facetas da morte e do morrer na pandemia. Nesse sentido, defendemos que aquilo que chamamos de “morte desmentida” se destaca como a marca distintiva de uma mentalidade própria do contexto pandêmico do país, a qual se caracteriza, fundamentalmente, pelo não reconhecimento do sofrimento associado às perdas causadas pela doença em questão.
The present study has the general objective of understanding the transformations about attitudes towards death and dying from the Middle Ages to contemporary times, in Western society, in order to cover, including, the singularities determined by the Covid-19 pandemic. It is a theoretical study, based on the establishment of dialogues between authors from different disciplines in the field of Human Sciences. Therefore, we initially analyzed the transfer of death from the domestic and family environment to hospitals, the transition from public ceremonies and the sharing of expressions of grief to the interdiction of death and the deprivation of mourning, the removal of cemeteries to peripheral areas and the creation of funeral organizations. Next, we reflect on the taboo of death and its contradictions today, the excessive attachment to life, dying crossed by technological resources, the commodification of death and its conversion into merchandise in the face of the expressive niche of services and products offered to the bereaved and the spectacularization and trivialization of death explored daily in television programs. Finally, we discuss the specificities of death, dying and mourning in the Covid-19 pandemic in the Brazilian scenario, the inequalities evidenced in the pandemic, the resonances of the impediments of conventional funeral rituals and the need to create new rites for the symbolization of death. death, the effects of the pandemic on subjectivity and symptomatic formations and the urgency of education for death, including with children. Additionally, we take a purposeful approach from the presentation of new notions related to the multiple facets of death and dying in the pandemic. In this sense, we argue that what we call “denied death” stands out as the distinctive mark of a mentality specific to the country’s pandemic context, which is fundamentally characterized by the non-recognition of the suffering associated with the losses caused by the disease in question.
The present study has the general objective of understanding the transformations about attitudes towards death and dying from the Middle Ages to contemporary times, in Western society, in order to cover, including, the singularities determined by the Covid-19 pandemic. It is a theoretical study, based on the establishment of dialogues between authors from different disciplines in the field of Human Sciences. Therefore, we initially analyzed the transfer of death from the domestic and family environment to hospitals, the transition from public ceremonies and the sharing of expressions of grief to the interdiction of death and the deprivation of mourning, the removal of cemeteries to peripheral areas and the creation of funeral organizations. Next, we reflect on the taboo of death and its contradictions today, the excessive attachment to life, dying crossed by technological resources, the commodification of death and its conversion into merchandise in the face of the expressive niche of services and products offered to the bereaved and the spectacularization and trivialization of death explored daily in television programs. Finally, we discuss the specificities of death, dying and mourning in the Covid-19 pandemic in the Brazilian scenario, the inequalities evidenced in the pandemic, the resonances of the impediments of conventional funeral rituals and the need to create new rites for the symbolization of death. death, the effects of the pandemic on subjectivity and symptomatic formations and the urgency of education for death, including with children. Additionally, we take a purposeful approach from the presentation of new notions related to the multiple facets of death and dying in the pandemic. In this sense, we argue that what we call “denied death” stands out as the distinctive mark of a mentality specific to the country’s pandemic context, which is fundamentally characterized by the non-recognition of the suffering associated with the losses caused by the disease in question.
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Palavras-chave
Morte, Luto, Pandemia de Covid-19, Subjetividade, Finitude, Death, Mourning, Covid-19 pandemic, Subjectivity, Finitude