Extração de canabinoides de Cannabis sativa L. através da extração por fluido supercrítico
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Data
2023-12-13
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Cannabis sativa L. (maconha ou cânhamo) possui mais de 500 compostos químicos diferentes, como canabinoides, terpenos, flavonoides, alcaloides e ácidos graxos. Atualmente, a procura por produtos à base de C. sativa tem aumentado muito, especialmente devido aos potenciais terapêuticos dos canabinoides (CBD, CBG, CBN, THC, entre outros), metabólitos secundários terpeno-fenólicos, que apresentam atividades antibacteriana, anti-inflamatória, antitumoral, antifúngica, antioxidante e analgésica, que se mostram relevantes na terapia da epilepsia, depressão, doença de Alzheimer, fibromialgia, ansiedade, espectro autista, entre muitas outras doenças. Com os avanços científicos recentes, o mercado nesse ramo tem crescido, e os canabinoides passaram a compor produtos farmacêuticos, alimentícios e cosméticos. Desse modo, a conscientização pública e as contínuas mudanças na legislação caracterizam o atual momento como uma transição histórica. À vista disso, um método de extração eficiente e seletivo é primordial para a obtenção dessas substâncias de interesse, a fim de suprir as futuras demandas do mercado. Entretanto, ainda existe uma carência geral de propostas estratégicas para extração e purificação dos canabinoides, especialmente em um cenário em que as tecnologias de processamento de C. sativa devem ser rápidas, eficientes, econômicas e seletivas, para proporcionarem maior rendimento do extrato, menor custo geral de processo, menor gasto energético, e baixo impacto sobre o meio ambiente. Em busca por melhorias, a extração utilizando dióxido de carbono (CO2) supercrítico vem ganhando destaque como uma estratégia verde capaz de proporcionar um extrato com alto teor de canabinoides, em comparação aos extratos convencionais, e com menor concentração de compostos indesejáveis, como ceras e clorofila. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo explicar o funcionamento da extração supercrítica; avaliar suas vantagens e limitações; e discutir a influência de diferentes parâmetros de processamento (pressão e temperatura de extração, uso de cossolventes, descarboxilação no processamento das inflorescências). Além disso, a aplicação da tecnologia de extração com dióxido de carbono supercrítico foi revisada com foco nas aplicações terapêuticas dos canabinoides.
Cannabis sativa L. (marijuana or hemp) has more than 500 different chemical compounds, such as cannabinoids, terpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids and fatty acids. Currently, demand for cannabis-based products has increased greatly, especially due to the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids (CBD, CBG, CBN, THC, among others), terpene-phenolic secondary metabolites, which have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antifungal, antioxidant and analgesic properties that are relevant in the therapy of epilepsy, depression, Alzheimer's disease, fibromyalgia, anxiety, autism spectrum, among many other diseases. With recent scientific advances, the market in this field has grown enormously, and cannabinoids have become part of pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic products. In this way, public awareness and continuous changes in legislation characterize the moment as a historic transition. In view of this, an efficient and selective extraction method is essential to obtain these substances of interest in order to meet future market demands. However, there is still a general lack of strategic proposals for the extraction and purification of cannabinoids, especially in a scenario where C. sativa processing technologies must be fast, efficient, economical and selective, in order to provide higher extract yields, lower overall process costs, lower energy expenditure and a low impact on the environment. In the search for improvements, extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) has been gaining prominence as a "green strategy" capable of providing an extract with a high content of cannabinoids, compared to conventional extracts, and with a lower concentration of undesirable compounds, such as waxes and chlorophyll. Therefore, this work aims to explain how supercritical extraction works; evaluate its advantages and limitations; and discuss the influence of different processing parameters (extraction pressure and temperature, use of co-solvents, decarboxylation in the processing of the inflorescences). In addition, the application of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction technology was reviewed with a focus on cannabinoids in their medical applications.
Cannabis sativa L. (marijuana or hemp) has more than 500 different chemical compounds, such as cannabinoids, terpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids and fatty acids. Currently, demand for cannabis-based products has increased greatly, especially due to the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids (CBD, CBG, CBN, THC, among others), terpene-phenolic secondary metabolites, which have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antifungal, antioxidant and analgesic properties that are relevant in the therapy of epilepsy, depression, Alzheimer's disease, fibromyalgia, anxiety, autism spectrum, among many other diseases. With recent scientific advances, the market in this field has grown enormously, and cannabinoids have become part of pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic products. In this way, public awareness and continuous changes in legislation characterize the moment as a historic transition. In view of this, an efficient and selective extraction method is essential to obtain these substances of interest in order to meet future market demands. However, there is still a general lack of strategic proposals for the extraction and purification of cannabinoids, especially in a scenario where C. sativa processing technologies must be fast, efficient, economical and selective, in order to provide higher extract yields, lower overall process costs, lower energy expenditure and a low impact on the environment. In the search for improvements, extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) has been gaining prominence as a "green strategy" capable of providing an extract with a high content of cannabinoids, compared to conventional extracts, and with a lower concentration of undesirable compounds, such as waxes and chlorophyll. Therefore, this work aims to explain how supercritical extraction works; evaluate its advantages and limitations; and discuss the influence of different processing parameters (extraction pressure and temperature, use of co-solvents, decarboxylation in the processing of the inflorescences). In addition, the application of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction technology was reviewed with a focus on cannabinoids in their medical applications.
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Cannabis sativa, Canabinoides, Extração com dióxido de carbono supercrítico, Química Verde, Cannabis sativa, Cannabinoids, Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, Green Chemistry
Como citar
SANTOS, B. V. dos. Extração de canabinoides de Cannabis sativa L. através da extração por fluido supercrítico. In: SANTOS, B. V. dos. Extração de canabinoides de Cannabis sativa L. através da extração por fluido supercrítico. Orientador: André Gonzaga dos Santos. 2024. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Bacharelado em Ciências Farmacêuticas) - Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Araraquara, SP, 2023. p. 46. Disponível em: https://repositorio.unesp.br/home. Acesso em: 12 mar. 2024.