Aprimoramento da política de pagamento por serviços ambientais de Botucatu/SP a partir do acordo de Paris
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2023-12-19
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
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As preocupações ambientais mundiais têm originado não só o surgimento, como também, um destaque cada vez maior para conceitos, ferramentas e instrumentos de políticas públicas voltadas para a sustentabilidade, tais como: Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável; Adaptação e Mitigação das Mudanças Climáticas; Environmental, Social and Governance; Emergência Climática; Bioeconomia; Soluções Baseadas na Natureza; Créditos de Carbono; e, Transição Energética, dentre outros. Elas têm proporcionado destaque, ademais, para instrumentos de política ambiental de comando e controle, de mercado, voluntários e econômicos, em especial, o pagamento por serviços ambientais (PSA), bem como o Mercado Brasileiro de Redução de Emissões (MBRE) e, mais recentemente, o Sistema Brasileiro de Comércio de Emissões de Gases de Efeito Estufa (SBCE). Neste contexto, apesar do entendimento geral de como lidar com os problemas ambientais permanecer praticamente o mesmo (pensar globalmente e agir localmente), ele se encontra presentemente amoldado, nos termos do Acordo de Paris, ao “Princípio das Responsabilidades Comuns, porém diferenciadas e respectivas capacidade à luz das diferentes circunstâncias nacionais”. Dentro deste escopo, o presente trabalho se propôs a explorar a relação entre a política de pagamento de serviços ambientais do município de Botucatu com respeito tanto ao Acordo de Paris quanto ao Mercado Brasileiro de Carbono. Pretendeu-se, em adição, apontar alguns dos principais elementos do Acordo de Paris e do Mercado Brasileiro de Carbono que pudessem contribuir para o aprimoramento da política de pagamento de serviços ambientais do município de Botucatu/SP. A hipótese central aqui trabalhada foi a de que seria possível o aperfeiçoamento da política de pagamento de serviços ambientais, no município de Botucatu/SP, com base em elementos financeiros e normativos pautados, tanto no Acordo de Paris, quanto, de modo especial, no mercado de carbono brasileiro de redução de emissões ora em discussão e implementação no país, via PL n. 412/2022, bem como sua Emenda Substitutiva e Terminativa, conforme aprovada pela Comissão do Meio Ambiente, do Senado Federal, presidida pela Senadora Leila Barros. Para tanto, desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa documental e exploratória, de natureza qualitativa, com análise textual (entendimento), temática (síntese) e interpretativa (análise crítica) do conteúdo e pautada no levantamento bibliográfico das principais fontes de informações pertinentes ao município de Botucatu, enquanto Estudo de Caso. Depreendeu-se como resultados principais, que os termos do Acordo de Paris, tanto em cenários “pré” e “pós” 2017”, trazem elementos para o aperfeiçoamento dos projetos de pagamento de serviços ambientais do município de Botucatu/SP, que inclusive conectam, de forma integrada, leis e políticas já existentes no país. Depreenderam-se, por outro lado, vários elementos normativos e financeiros centrados, primordialmente, no MBRE/SBCE ou, simplesmente, mercado de crédito de carbono, que está se desenhando no Brasil. Ademais, verificou-se que os principais elementos norteadores para o aperfeiçoamento do PSA, no município de Botucatu, podem ter, portanto, o MBRE/SBCE (mercados regulados e não regulados) como referencial central. Para tanto, uma série de sugestões normativas para o aperfeiçoamento dos projetos de PSA na região de estudo, no município de Botucatu, deveriam ser necessariamente consideradas, à título de adicionalidade, de modo a que, com isto, venha a ser viabilizado o acesso aos mecanismos financeiros, em especial, ao mercado brasileiro de redução de emissões. Tais condições, visando uma proposta de precificação, configurariam o lado da oferta de PSA num mercado de carbono (MBRE/SBCE, em especial). Do lado da demanda, haveria a procura por projetos de PSA por conta da normatização (instrumentos de comando e controle), da tributação das emissões (carbon tax) e, naturalmente, do mecanismo de cap na trade (este nos precisos termos do MBRE/SBCE). Um dos elementos mais incisivos para a consolidação do MBRE/SBCE seriam o artigo 6º do Acordo de Paris e o Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), que vem sendo instituído pelos países integrantes da União Europeia. O trabalho também discutiu outras formas de precificação a ser contemplado enquanto diretrizes para a instituição e negociação de ativos fungíveis (cota brasileira de emissões e certificados de redução ou remoção verificada de emissões), dentro do escopo do MBRE/SBCE. Neste sentido, entende-se que o mecanismo de precificação do PSA, dentro do contexto da interação de ofertantes / provedores de serviços ambientais / ecossistêmicos versus demandantes / empresas que necessitam adquirir créditos de carbono, com respeito particularmente ao MBRE/SBCE, poderia se pautar no aprofundamento, em momento subsequente, da discussão das 4 opções aqui apresentadas, quais sejam: comando e controle / taxação de carbono / cap and trade; sistema de PSA; VERA, e; CATE/VC.
World environmental issues have been discussed with an ascending perspective of relevant concepts, tools, and instruments affecting the sustainability public policies such as Sustainable Development Goals, Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Environmental, Social and Governance Climate Emergency Based Nature Solutions, Carbon Credits, Energy Transition, etc. In contrast, it has emphasized the command and control market, voluntary and economic instruments of environmental policy not only a general focus but also on a unique approach, Payment for Environmental Services (PES) and Emission Reduction Brazilian Market (ERBM). In this context, despite an unchanged global comprehension about how to deal with environmental problems (think globally and act locally), it has existed a current link with an important aspect based on the Paris Agreement: the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and their associated capabilities under perspectives of different national circumstances. This work, in terms of main goal, had explored the relation between PSA of Botucatu municipality (local approach) and Paris Agreement and ERBM (named, recently, as Brazilian Trade System of Greenshouse Gas Emission / BTSGGE), on a global approach. Besides, it was analysed Paris Agreement and ERBM/BTSGGE contribution for the municipal policy of payment for environmental services improvement. PES of Botucatu improvement based on financial and normative elements derived from both the Paris Agreement and ERBM/BTSGGE (and its amendment according to environmental Commission/Federal Senate´s approval process), headed by Senator Leila Barros and named Project of Law n. 412/2022 was the central hypothesis. It developed documental, bibliographic, and exploratory research, with a qualitative approach and a textual analysis (understanding), thematic (synthesis), and interpretative (critical analysis) of the main matters linked to Botucatu municipality as a Case Study. It was identified that Paris Agreement terms, both after and before 2017 scenarios, have brought several aspects for PES Botucatu project improvement. Besides, these elements have linked, in an integrated way, with national, state, and municipal laws and policies already implemented in the country after and before the 2017 scenarios. It was also identified, for PES Botucatu improvement´s process, diverse normative and financial aspects concerning, mainly, ERBM/BTSGGE or, in other words, Carbon Brazilian Market (CBM) on discussion in the country. For this purpose, however, the normative suggestions for improvement of PSA projects in the studied region, in the municipality of Botucatu, should be considered as requirements of additionality. Finally, only under these normative conditions would it be possible for the finance mechanisms to access, especially under ERBM/BTSGGE context (regulated and voluntaries markets) and, from this, a PES Bocucatu improvement. Within the first version of the pricing process, these conditions would be the PES projects' supply, considering the normative process (command and control instruments), carbon tax process, and, naturally, cap and trade mechanism (this on the precise terms of ERBM/BTSGGE). On the other hand, one of the most incisive elements for ERBM/BTSGGR consolidation would be Article 6th of Paris Agreement and the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) introduced by European Union countries. This work also discussed other precification alternatives for fungible assets (emission Brazilian cote and certificates of verified emission reduction or capture), within ERBMS/BTSGGR scope). On the other hand, it would be the PES project´s demand due to the taxation mechanism for the companies' greenhouse gas emission surplus. The PSA pricing mechanism on ERBM/BTSGGR could be considered the following alternatives: command and control/carbon tax/cap and trade; PES system; total economic value; and expected total environmental costs / continuous value.
World environmental issues have been discussed with an ascending perspective of relevant concepts, tools, and instruments affecting the sustainability public policies such as Sustainable Development Goals, Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Environmental, Social and Governance Climate Emergency Based Nature Solutions, Carbon Credits, Energy Transition, etc. In contrast, it has emphasized the command and control market, voluntary and economic instruments of environmental policy not only a general focus but also on a unique approach, Payment for Environmental Services (PES) and Emission Reduction Brazilian Market (ERBM). In this context, despite an unchanged global comprehension about how to deal with environmental problems (think globally and act locally), it has existed a current link with an important aspect based on the Paris Agreement: the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and their associated capabilities under perspectives of different national circumstances. This work, in terms of main goal, had explored the relation between PSA of Botucatu municipality (local approach) and Paris Agreement and ERBM (named, recently, as Brazilian Trade System of Greenshouse Gas Emission / BTSGGE), on a global approach. Besides, it was analysed Paris Agreement and ERBM/BTSGGE contribution for the municipal policy of payment for environmental services improvement. PES of Botucatu improvement based on financial and normative elements derived from both the Paris Agreement and ERBM/BTSGGE (and its amendment according to environmental Commission/Federal Senate´s approval process), headed by Senator Leila Barros and named Project of Law n. 412/2022 was the central hypothesis. It developed documental, bibliographic, and exploratory research, with a qualitative approach and a textual analysis (understanding), thematic (synthesis), and interpretative (critical analysis) of the main matters linked to Botucatu municipality as a Case Study. It was identified that Paris Agreement terms, both after and before 2017 scenarios, have brought several aspects for PES Botucatu project improvement. Besides, these elements have linked, in an integrated way, with national, state, and municipal laws and policies already implemented in the country after and before the 2017 scenarios. It was also identified, for PES Botucatu improvement´s process, diverse normative and financial aspects concerning, mainly, ERBM/BTSGGE or, in other words, Carbon Brazilian Market (CBM) on discussion in the country. For this purpose, however, the normative suggestions for improvement of PSA projects in the studied region, in the municipality of Botucatu, should be considered as requirements of additionality. Finally, only under these normative conditions would it be possible for the finance mechanisms to access, especially under ERBM/BTSGGE context (regulated and voluntaries markets) and, from this, a PES Bocucatu improvement. Within the first version of the pricing process, these conditions would be the PES projects' supply, considering the normative process (command and control instruments), carbon tax process, and, naturally, cap and trade mechanism (this on the precise terms of ERBM/BTSGGE). On the other hand, one of the most incisive elements for ERBM/BTSGGR consolidation would be Article 6th of Paris Agreement and the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) introduced by European Union countries. This work also discussed other precification alternatives for fungible assets (emission Brazilian cote and certificates of verified emission reduction or capture), within ERBMS/BTSGGR scope). On the other hand, it would be the PES project´s demand due to the taxation mechanism for the companies' greenhouse gas emission surplus. The PSA pricing mechanism on ERBM/BTSGGR could be considered the following alternatives: command and control/carbon tax/cap and trade; PES system; total economic value; and expected total environmental costs / continuous value.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Mercado de carbono, Serviços ecossistêmicos, Princípio do provedor-recebedor, Provisão de serviços ambientais, País em desenvolvimento, Carbon market, Developing country, Ecosystem services, Principle of provider-recipient, Provision of environmental services
Como citar
RIBAS, L. C. Aprimoramento da política de pagamento por serviços ambientais de Botucatu/SP a partir do acordo de Paris. 2023. Tese de Livre-Docência, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, 2023.